

CARBO CONSULT & ENGINEERING (Pty) Ltd
P.O. Box 1397, Cramerview 2060 Johannesburg, South Africa
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THE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WOOD GAS PRODUCER SYSTEM WITH
TAR FREE CONTINUOUS GAS PRODUCTION FOR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND / OR HEAT APPLICATIONS.
13. VACUUM INDICATOR PANELS
A calibrated multi-reading Vacuum Indicator Panel is
supplied with each gas producer system. This has the
advantage over separate vacuum gauges, since all the
readings can be observed simultaneously from a distance.
Since the gas producer hearth vacuum influences all the
other vacuums and the whole functioning of the gas producer
system, it is necessary to particularly keep this vacuum
within the allowable limits specified in the Operator’s
Instructions, which is easily done with the aid of the
adjustable ash grate activator. The tensioning spring for
the cyclone vacuum must also be adjusted so that the cyclone
vacuum does not become too high.
During normal operation with the correct ash grate activator
speed there is no build-up in the hearth vacuum, the only
normal variations being caused by the change in the engine
power output.
The system vacuums with the normal allowable limits shown in
the Operator’s Instructions, when the engine or gas suction
fan is running, refer to the following:
- The stopped starter fan, (this must be
stopped before the engine is started).
- The gas producer hearth.
- The cyclone.
- The gas scrubber/cooler.
- The no.1 and no.2 main filters respectively.
- The 5 micron engine gas safety filter.
- The engine inlet manifold.
- Provision can also be made for indicator
readings in the event of a second dual wood
gas/diesel engine being powered from the same
gas producer.
- If with wood gas burner applications a
variable speed suction, low pressure delivery
gas fan
is used, the suction vacuum as well as the
delivery gas pressure must then also be
indicated.
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The Vacuum Indicator Panel is normally situated next
to and attached to the gas scrubber and must be
clearly visible from a distance by the plant
operator. |
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14. GAS PRODUCER FUEL
The whole integral gas producer system has been designed to be
completely self contained, even on remote sites where clean suitable
dry wood blocks or coarse chips of correct shape and size, or high
density sawdust or agricultural harvest waste briquette fuel can be
produced economically, or be supplied at a competitive affordable
price from a reliable nearby outside source.
Small pulp wood chips can not be used for tar free gas generation,
since the small restricted voids between the pulp chip "particles"
prevent sufficient primary air penetration. Wood fuel made from most
species of both hard and soft wood with the bark left on, including
most of the many economically very important alien wood species
growing in Africa and other countries, work well as long as the fuel is dry and
of the correct piece shapes and sizes and free of slag forming
impurities as specified in the Operator’s Instructions. Dry coarse
chips and high density sawdust- and ground nut husk briquettes have
also worked well as fuel.
Analysis carried out on char produced from high density grass
briquettes indicate that these would also work well as fuel. The
maximum moisture content for biomass fuel should, however, not
exceed 20% by weight when expressed on wet basis, but it is more
economical to use dryer wood fuel. The "critical self flow-through
volume weight" of the fuel must not be less than 200 kg/m3 or
briquettes with a density of at least 1,200 kg/m3 solid mass and of
the correct size and piece shapes should be used for reliable safe,
continuous self-flow-through. With most wood species this poses no
problem.
If it is planned to use any fuel which has not been tested with the
gas producer system, it would be advisable to carry out tests. These
tests should include determination of the loose volume weight of the
fuel, the ash content, the carbon yield and char softness/hardness
properties and if possible also the ash cintering temperature and
the CAB (critical air blast) value for the char as well as the char
reaction time and reaction temperature.
Reprocessed fuel containing plastics can not be used, since the
chlorine produced at the high hearth temperature would very quickly
destroy the hearth. Also fuel containing sulphur must not be used.
If old waste wood fuel should contain formaldehyde or melamine
glues, ammonia would then be produced and contaminate the gas while
damaging the aluminium alloy parts of an engine and also causing air
pollution. |
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15. GENERATOR ENGINE CONVERSIONS |
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